Best AI IDEs & Coding Extensions in 2026 | Open-Source AI Tools & API Keys

AI IDE:

1. Antigravity

2. Windsurf/Devin

3. Kiro

4. Cursor

5. Open Code

Extension:

1. Qwen

2. Windsurf

3. Cline

4. Blackbox

5. Codex

6. Chat editor

7. Kilo code

8. Sixth

9. Continue

API:
1. Nividia NIM

Top 20 Test Cases for Common Web Applications – Login, Signup, Cart, Payment

1. Login Module – Test Cases

#	Test Scenario	Test Steps	Expected Result	Type
1	Log in with valid credentials	Enter a valid email and password, and click Login	User is logged in and dashboard is shown	Positive
2	Login with invalid password	Enter valid email and wrong password, click Login	Error message is shown	Negative
3	Login with empty fields	Click Login without entering any data	Validation messages are displayed	Negative
4	Remember Me functionality	Check "Remember Me", login, logout, revisit login page	Email should be pre-filled	Positive
5	Forgot password link	Click "Forgot Password", enter email	Password reset link is sent	Positive

---

📝 2. Signup Module – Test Cases

#	Test Scenario	Test Steps	Expected Result	Type
6	Signup with valid details	Fill form with valid data and submit	Account is created successfully	Positive
7	Email already registered	Enter an already used email and submit	Error: Email already exists	Negative
8	Signup with weak password	Enter a password like "123"	Error: Weak password warning	Negative
9	Password and Confirm Password mismatch	Enter different passwords	Error: Passwords do not match	Negative
10	Signup without accepting terms	Leave "Terms & Conditions" unchecked and submit	Error: Must accept terms	Negative

---

🛒 3. Shopping Cart – Test Cases

#	Test Scenario	Test Steps	Expected Result	Type
11	Add product to cart	Click "Add to Cart" on a product	Product appears in cart	Positive
12	Remove product from cart	Click "Remove" in cart page	Product is removed	Positive
13	Change product quantity	Increase quantity from 1 to 3	Total price updates correctly	Positive
14	Cart total calculation	Add multiple products, verify total	Cart total is correct	Positive
15	Checkout with empty cart	Click checkout without any items	Warning: Cart is empty	Negative

---

💳 4. Payment Module – Test Cases

#	Test Scenario	Test Steps	Expected Result	Type
16	Payment with valid card	Enter valid card details and click Pay	Payment successful message	Positive
17	Payment with invalid card number	Enter fake card number	Error: Invalid card	Negative
18	Payment with expired card	Enter an expired card	Error: Card expired	Negative
19	Payment network failure	Simulate network loss during payment	Transaction failed, retry option shown	Negative
20	Redirect after payment	Complete payment	User is redirected to order confirmation	Positive

---

📌 Summary

• Login & Signup: Focus on security and validation
• Cart: Focus on calculations and user actions
• Payment: Focus on edge cases, failures, and redirects

Selenium WebDriver Interview Questions with Java Code – Real-Time Examples

Are you preparing for a Selenium WebDriver interview? Below are the most frequently asked Selenium interview questions with Java code examples. These cover real-time scenarios and will help both freshers and experienced testers gain confidence.

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1. What is Selenium WebDriver?

Selenium WebDriver is a web automation tool used to automate browser actions like clicking, typing, navigating, etc. It provides a programming interface to create and run test cases.

Java Example:

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://example.com");
driver.findElement(By.id("login")).click();

---

2. How do you launch a browser in Selenium?

Using the WebDriver interface and browser-specific driver classes like ChromeDriver or FirefoxDriver.

Java Example:

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver","path/to/chromedriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://google.com");

---

3. How to locate elements in Selenium?

Using locators: id, name, className, cssSelector, xpath, linkText, tagName

Java Example:

driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("admin");
driver.findElement(By.name("password")).sendKeys("admin123");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[@type='submit']")).click();

---

4. What is the difference between findElement() and findElements()?

findElement()	findElements()
Returns a single WebElement	Returns a list of WebElements
Throws NoSuchElementException if not found	Returns an empty list if not found

---

5. How do you handle dropdowns in Selenium?

Using the Select class.

Java Example:

WebElement dropdown = driver.findElement(By.id("country"));
Select select = new Select(dropdown);
select.selectByVisibleText("India");

---

6. How to handle alerts in Selenium?

Java Example:

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
System.out.println(alert.getText());
alert.accept(); // or alert.dismiss();

---

7. How do you handle multiple windows in Selenium?

String parent = driver.getWindowHandle();
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();
for (String window : allWindows) {
    if (!window.equals(parent)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(window);
        driver.close();
    }
}
driver.switchTo().window(parent);

---

8. How to perform mouse hover in Selenium?

Actions action = new Actions(driver);
WebElement menu = driver.findElement(By.id("menu"));
action.moveToElement(menu).perform();

---

9. How do you handle dynamic elements?

Use dynamic XPath or wait strategies like explicit wait.

Example using XPath:

//input[contains(@id, 'user')]

Example using Explicit Wait:

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
WebElement element = 
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("username")));

---

10. What are Waits in Selenium?

• Implicit Wait – waits globally
• Explicit Wait – waits for specific conditions
• Fluent Wait – waits with a polling interval

Example – Implicit Wait:

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

---

11. How do you take a screenshot in Selenium?

TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
File src = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("screenshot.png"));

---

12. How do you handle frames?

driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");
// Perform actions inside frame
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

---

13. How do you perform scrolling in Selenium?

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,500)");

---

14. How do you validate a page title or URL?

Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), "Expected Title");
Assert.assertTrue(driver.getCurrentUrl().contains("dashboard"));

---

15. What is Page Object Model (POM)?

POM is a design pattern where each web page is represented as a class. Elements are defined as variables, and actions are methods.

Example:

public class LoginPage {
  WebDriver driver;
  
  @FindBy(id="username") WebElement username;
  @FindBy(id="password") WebElement password;
  @FindBy(id="login") WebElement loginBtn;

  public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
    PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
  }

  public void login(String user, String pass) {
    username.sendKeys(user);
    password.sendKeys(pass);
    loginBtn.click();
  }
}

---

16. How do you run tests in multiple browsers?

Use WebDriverManager and pass the browser as a parameter.

WebDriver driver;
if(browser.equals("chrome")){
   WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
   driver = new ChromeDriver();
} else if(browser.equals("firefox")){
   WebDriverManager.firefoxdriver().setup();
   driver = new FirefoxDriver();
}

---

17. What is the difference between get() and navigate().to()?

• get() – loads a new page
• navigate().to() – can be used to go forward/backward in history

---

18. What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit()?

• close() – closes current browser window
• quit() – closes all windows and ends session

---

19. How to handle file upload?

driver.findElement(By.id("upload")).sendKeys("C:\\path\\file.txt");

---

20. How to handle file download in Selenium?

File download requires browser settings using ChromeOptions or FirefoxProfile to set download paths.

---

Top 30 Manual Testing Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers & Experienced

Top 30 Manual Testing Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers & Experienced

This article covers the most frequently asked manual testing questions with real-time examples, concepts like STLC, bug life cycle, and test techniques. Suitable for both freshers and experienced professionals.

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1. What is Software Testing?

Software Testing is the process of evaluating a software application to identify defects and ensure it meets the specified requirements.

Real-Time Scenario: Before launching an e-commerce website, testers validate the cart, payment, and checkout functionalities to avoid issues post-launch.

2. What are the different types of Software Testing?

• Manual Testing
• Automation Testing
• Functional Testing
• Non-Functional Testing (Performance, Security, Usability)
• Unit Testing
• Integration Testing
• System Testing
• Acceptance Testing

3. What is the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)?

STLC is a sequence of activities conducted during testing:

1. Requirement Analysis
2. Test Planning
3. Test Case Development
4. Test Environment Setup
5. Test Execution
6. Test Cycle Closure

Real-Time Example: In a banking app, STLC ensures that login, balance view, and fund transfer are tested in an organised manner.

4. What is the difference between Verification and Validation?

Criteria	Verification	Validation
Definition	Are we building the product right?	Are we building the right product?
Activity Type	Static	Dynamic
Examples	Reviews, Walkthroughs	Testing, UAT

5. Explain the Bug Life Cycle.

States: New → Assigned → Open → Fixed → Retest → Verified → Closed
Alternate States: Rejected, Deferred, Duplicate

Real-Time Scenario: A user reports login failure → Developer fixes it → Tester retests → Marks as Verified → Closed.

6. What is a Test Case?

Test Case ID	TC_001
Functionality	Login
Steps	1. Enter username 2. Enter password 3. Click Login
Expected Result	The dashboard is displayed

7. What is the difference between a Test Case and a Test Scenario?

Feature	Test Case	Test Scenario
Detail Level	Very detailed	High-level idea
Example	Validate login with valid creds	Test login functionality

8. What is a Defect?

A defect is a deviation from the expected result in the application.

Example: The Login button does not redirect to the home page.

9. What is Severity and Priority?

Term	Definition	Example
Severity	Impact of the defect on the system	App crashes → High Severity
Priority	The order in which the defect should be fixed	Fixing login issue → High Priority

10. What is Regression Testing?

Testing existing functionality to ensure new changes haven't broken anything.

Real-Time Scenario: After adding a "Save for Later" feature, re-test the cart, checkout, and payment flows.

11. What is Retesting?

Testing the defect after it’s fixed to verify it's resolved.

12. Difference Between Smoke and Sanity Testing?

Feature	Smoke Testing	Sanity Testing
Purpose	Basic build verification	Verify bug fixes/functional areas
Time	Initial build	After a minor release

13. What is Exploratory Testing?

Testing where test cases are not predefined. Tester explores the app on the fly.

Example: While testing a new travel app, testers explore unusual booking combinations.

14. What is Ad-hoc Testing?

Unplanned testing without documentation.

15. What is UAT (User Acceptance Testing)?

Testing is done by the end-user/client to confirm that the system meets business needs.

16. Difference Between Functional and Non-Functional Testing?

Feature	Functional Testing	Non-Functional Testing
Focus	What system does	How well does the system perform
Example	Login, Signup	Load time, security, UI usability

17. What is a Test Plan?

A document describing test scope, approach, resources, and schedule.

18. Explain Different Test Techniques.

• Equivalence Partitioning
• Boundary Value Analysis
• Decision Table Testing
• State Transition
• Error Guessing

19. What is Boundary Value Analysis?

Test inputs at the edge of input ranges.

Example: For age 18–60, test 17, 18, 60, 61.

20. What is Equivalence Partitioning?

Divides input data into valid and invalid classes.

21. What is a Traceability Matrix?

A document mapping requirements with test cases.

Requirement ID	Test Case ID
REQ-001	TC-001, TC-002

22. How do you handle a situation when a developer disagrees with your defect?

• Provide clear defect steps
• Attach screenshots or logs
• Discuss in defect triage meetings
• Use severity & requirement mapping

23. Explain a real-time scenario where you found a critical bug.

Example: In a food delivery app, placing an order deducted payment, but didn’t place the order. Severity: High, Priority: High.

24. What is Test Data?

Data used during test execution, e.g., usernames, passwords, and product IDs.

25. What are Entry and Exit Criteria?

Entry Criteria: Preconditions before testing start.
Exit Criteria: Conditions to conclude testing.

26. What is Compatibility Testing?

Testing on different browsers, devices, and OS.

27. How do you log bugs in a bug tracking tool (e.g., JIRA)?

1. Select project
2. Click “Create Issue”
3. Fill Summary, Steps to Reproduce, Environment, Severity
4. Attach screenshot/log
5. Assign to the developer

28. What is Risk-Based Testing?

Prioritising testing modules based on business impact and failure probability.

29. What is the difference between QA and QC?

QA (Quality Assurance)	QC (Quality Control)
Process-oriented	Product-oriented
Prevent defects	Identify defects

30. How do you ensure test coverage?

• Use requirement traceability
• Review test cases against each requirement
• Conduct peer reviews
• Track coverage in tools like TestLink or Excel

Top 15 Test Cases for Login Page – Manual & Automation Examples (With Bug Scenarios)

Top 15 Test Cases for Login Page – Manual & Automation Examples (With Bug Scenarios)

Testing a login page is one of the most important tasks in software testing. Whether you’re preparing for a QA interview or writing real-time test cases for your web or mobile application, a login module provides many critical validations. In this post, you’ll learn manual test cases, common bugs, and Selenium automation examples for login functionality.

🔍 Why Login Page Testing Is Important?

• The first point of user interaction with the app
• Security entry point – needs proper validation
• The most common area where users face errors

📝 Top 15 Manual Test Cases for Login Page

Test Case ID	Scenario	Test Steps	Expected Result
TC001	Valid username and password	Enter valid credentials and click Login	The user should be redirected to the dashboard
TC002	Invalid password	Enter a valid username and the wrong password	The error message should appear
TC003	Blank username and password	Leave both fields blank and click Login	Validation messages should be displayed
TC004	Blank username only	Leave the username blank, enter the password, and click Login	The username required message should appear
TC005	Blank password only	Enter username, leave the password blank, click Login	Password required message should appear
TC006	SQL injection attempt	Enter "admin' OR 1=1--" as the username	Input should be rejected and sanitized
TC007	Special characters in the username	Enter special characters like '@#$%'	Error or input validation message should appear
TC008	The password field is masked	Check if the password is displayed as dots or asterisks	Characters should be hidden
TC009	Remember Me checkbox	Select the checkbox and log in	The user should stay logged in on the next visit
TC010	Forgot Password link	Click the link and validate the navigation	The user should go to the reset password screen
TC011	Case sensitivity	Enter uppercase instead of lowercase username	The system should handle case sensitivity properly
TC012	Browser Back button after login	Log in successfully and press the browser back button	The user should not return to the login page or see cached content
TC013	Multiple failed login attempts	Try logging in with the wrong password 5 times	Account lock or CAPTCHA should appear
TC014	Login session timeout	Login and remain idle	The session should expire after the defined timeout
TC015	Mobile responsiveness	Open the login page on mobile devices	The login form should render correctly on smaller screens

🐞 Common Bug Scenarios on Login Page

• Login accepts invalid email or empty credentials
• The password is visible even after clicking the "eye" toggle
• No validation messages for blank fields
• Incorrect redirect after login
• The session has not expired after logging out

🤖 Selenium Automation Example – Valid Login Test

@Test
public void validLoginTest() {
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
    driver.get("https://example.com/login");
    
    driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("testuser");
    driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys("testpass");
    driver.findElement(By.id("loginBtn")).click();
    
    String expectedTitle = "Dashboard";
    String actualTitle = driver.getTitle();
    Assert.assertEquals(actualTitle, expectedTitle);

    driver.quit();
}

This Selenium test script verifies a successful login using valid credentials. You can also write negative test cases using invalid passwords and assert error messages.